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.The music of Cuba, including its instruments, performance and dance, comprises a large set of unique traditions influenced mostly by west African and European (especially Spanish) music. Due to the syncretic nature of most of its genres, Cuban music is often considered one of the richest and most influential regional musics of the world. For instance, the merges an adapted Spanish guitar (tres), melody, harmony, and lyrical traditions with Afro-Cuban percussion and rhythms.
Almost nothing remains of the original native traditions, since the native population was exterminated in the 16th century.Since the 19th century Cuban music has been hugely popular and influential throughout the world. It has been perhaps the most popular form of regional music since the introduction of recording technology. Cuban music has contributed to the development of a wide variety of genre and musical styles around the globe, most notably in, the,.
Examples include, many West African re-adaptations of Afro-Cuban music (, ), Spanish fusion genres (notably with ), and a wide variety of genres in Latin America. Contents.Overview Large numbers of African slaves and European, mostly Spanish, immigrants came to and brought their own forms of music to the island. European dances and folk musics included,. Later, northern European forms like, and the appeared among urban whites. There was also an immigration of Chinese laborers later in the 19th century. Ancient print of colonial Havana, the first great Cuban folklorist, described Cuba's musical innovations as arising from the interplay ('transculturation') between African slaves settled on large and Spaniards from different regions such as Andalusia. The African slaves and their descendants made many percussion instruments and preserved rhythms they had known in their homeland.
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The most important instruments were the drums, of which, there were originally about fifty different types; today only the, and drums are regularly seen (the are descended from kettle drums in Spanish military bands). Also important are the, two short hardwood batons, and the, a wooden box, originally made from crates. Claves are still used often, and wooden boxes ( cajones) were widely used during periods when the drum was banned. In addition, there are other percussion instruments in use for African-origin religious ceremonies. Chinese immigrants contributed the (Chinese cornet), a still played in the, or groups, of.The great instrumental contribution of the Spanish was their, but even more important was the tradition of European and techniques of. Hernando de la Parra's archives give some of our earliest available information on Cuban music. He reported instruments including the,.
There were few professional musicians at the time, and fewer still of their songs survive. One of the earliest is Ma Teodora, supposed to be related to a freed slave, of Santiago de Cuba, who was famous for her compositions. The piece is said to be similar to 16th-, 17th- and 18th-century Spanish popular songs and dances.Cuban music has its principal roots in Spain and West Africa, but over time has been influenced by diverse genres from different countries. Important among these are France (and its colonies in the Americas), and the United States.Cuban music has been immensely influential in other countries. It contributed not only to the development of and, but also to the Argentine, Ghanaian, West African, Dominican and, Colombian and Spanish Nuevo and to the Arabo-Cuban music developed by in the 1990s.The African beliefs and practices certainly influenced Cuba's music.
Polyrhythmic is an inherent part of African music, as melody is part of European music. Also, in African tradition, percussion is always joined to song and dance, and to a particular social setting. The result of the meeting of European and African cultures is that most Cuban popular music is creolized. This creolization of Cuban life has been happening for a long time, and by the 20th century, elements of African belief, music and dance were well integrated into popular and folk forms.18th and 19th centuries. Main article:A genre of Cuban song similar to the and the Criolla. It contains bucolic countryside lyrics, similar to poetry. Its music shows a mixture of 6/8 and 3/4 rhythms called.
According to, its first section is usually presented in a minor key, and its second section in its direct major relative key.The term Guajira is now used mostly to describe a slow dance music in 4/4 time, a fusion of the and the (called Guajira-Son). Singer and guitarist was the most outstanding representative of this genre.Criolla. 3-2 clave ( ) and 2-3 clave ( ) written in cut-timeThe clave pattern is used as a tool for organization in Afro-Cuban music, such as, conga de,. The five-stroke clave pattern (distributed in groups of 3 + 2 or 2 + 3 beats) represents the structural core of many Afro-Cuban rhythms. Just as a holds an in place, the clave pattern holds the rhythm together in Afro-Cuban music.
The clave pattern originated in, where it serves essentially the same function as it does in Cuba. The pattern is also found in the musics of and Afro. The clave pattern is used in North as a rhythmic or, or simply a form of rhythmic decoration.Cuban Carnival.
Adolfo ColomboFrom the 18th century (at least) to modern times, popular theatrical formats used, and gave rise to, music and dance. Many famous composers and musicians had their careers launched in the theatres, and many famous compositions got their first airing on the stage. In addition to staging some European operas and operettas, Cuban composers gradually developed ideas that better suited their audience. Was to be the couduit for Cuban music to reach the world.
The most recorded artist in Cuba up to 1925 was a singer at the Alhambra,. Records show he recorded about 350 numbers between 1906 and 1917.The first theatre in Havana opened in 1776. The first Cuban-composed appeared in 1807. Was hugely important in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century; its significance only began to wane with the change in political and social weather in the second part of the 20th century. Radio, which began in Cuba in 1922, helped the growth of popular music because it provided publicity and a new source of income for the artists.Zarzuela. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( October 2018) Vernacular theatre of various types often includes music.
Formats rather like the British, or the American, still occur, where an audience is treated to a of singers, comedians, bands, sketches and speciality acts. Even in cinemas during the silent movies, singers and instrumentalists appeared in the interval, and a pianist played during the films. Bola de Nieve and played in cinemas in their early days. Was also common in Havana before 1960.The Black Curros (Negros Curros). Main article:Coros de Clave were popular choral groups that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century in Havana and other Cuban cities.The Cuban government only allowed black people, slaves or free, to cultivate their cultural traditions within the boundaries of certain mutual aid societies, which were founded during the 16th century. According to David H.
Brown, those societies, called Cabildos, 'provided in times of sickness and death, held masses for deceased members, collected funds to buy nation-brethren out of slavery, held regular dances and diversions on Sundays and feast days, and sponsored religious masses, processions and dancing carnival groups (now called comparsas) around the annual cycle of Catholic festival days.' Within the Cabildos of certain neighborhoods from Havana, and, some choral groups were founded during the 19th century that organized competitive activities, and in some occasions were visited by local authorities and neighbors that gave them money and presents. Those choral societies were called Coros de Clave, probably after the instrument that used to accompany their performances, the Cuban.The accompaniment of the choirs also included a and the percussion was executed over the sound box of an American banjo from which the strings were removed, due to the fact that African drums performance was strictly forbidden in Cuban cities. The style of the Coros de Clave music, and particulally its rhythm, originated at a later time a popular song genre called Clave, which most probable served as the original prototype for the creation of the Criolla genre. Both genres, the Clave and the Criolla became very popular within the Cuban vernacular theater repertoire.Rural rumba. Tropicana stageThe triumph of the in 1959 signalled the emigration of many musicians to, and, and in Cuba artists and their work came under the protection (and control) of the Socialist state, and the monopoly state-owned recording company. The Castro government abolished copyright laws in Cuba, closed many of the venues where popular music used to be played (e.g.
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Night clubs), and so indirectly threw many musicians out of work. P202 This undoubtedly had deleterious effects on the evolution of popular music and dance. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( October 2018) Son remains the basis of most popular forms of modern Cuban music. Son is represented by long-standing groups like, which was re-established in 1985, and., is famous for having sparked a revival in traditional son in the 1980s. Still has influence, but the overtly political themes of the 1960s are well out of fashion. Meanwhile, fused traditional Cuban music with, and groups like, and continued to add new elements to son, especially and, to form music; this process was aided by the acquisition of imported electronic equipment.
There are still many practitioners of traditional son montuno, such as, who have recorded and toured widely as a result of interest in the son montuno after the Buena Vista Social Club success. Europe-based Cuban female singer-songwriter merged her roots of Son and Filin with elements of urban, rock and pop-music, reaching mainstream airplay charts in Germany.In the 1990s, increased interest in coincided with the post-Soviet Union periodo especial in Cuba, during which the economy began opening up to tourism., and have been long-time players in the charanga scene, and helped form the popular scene of the late 1990s. The biggest award in modern Cuban music is the.Timba.